When you have an idea to buy a 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī), how many axis do you need for the 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)套件? It's a common problem for every 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) buyer, so, let's start to make a comparison of 3 axis, 4 axis and 5 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī).
Understand 3 Axis, 4th Axis, 4 Axis, and 5 Axis for 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) Kits
5軸：XYZAB、XYZAC、XYZBC（主軸可左右旋轉(zhuǎn) 180° 大約。）
4軸：XYZA、XYZB、XYZC（4軸聯(lián)動(dòng)）
第四軸：YZA、XZA（4軸聯(lián)動(dòng)）
3軸：XYZ（3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)）
A、B或C軸分別對(duì)應(yīng)X、Y、Z旋轉(zhuǎn)軸。
四軸數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)
These specific 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) can go along 3 different axis at the same time.
X 軸：從左到右
Y 軸：從前到后
Z軸：上下
3 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) moving 3 axis at the same time; the X-axis, the Y-axis, and the Z-axis. Cutting along the X-axis moves the router bit from left to right, cutting along the Y-axis moves it from front to back, and cutting across the Z-axis moves it up and down. These machines are used primarily for cutting flat, 2D and 2.5D parts. Whether it is flat carving or round carving, you can think of it as flat carving, it is calculated according to the pulse.
第四軸數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)
Generally, add a rotation axis on the 3 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)套件, also called A axis, that is, 4th rotary axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī). How to distinguish a real 4 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)套件? We give a common example of 4 axis3D圓柱路由，由一個(gè)圓形短棍切割或雕刻一個(gè)3D佛祖，這個(gè)作品有4個(gè)軸，但只與三軸數(shù)控系統(tǒng)配合使用，它使用X軸或Y軸來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)軸，真正的工人是三軸數(shù)控機(jī)床或旋轉(zhuǎn)四軸數(shù)控機(jī)床。
四軸數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)
4 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) makes work possible on both sides, which is not on 3 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī). The 4 axis數(shù)控machine tools also have X, Y, Z axis, it refers to the X-Y-Z-A, X-Y-Z-B, X-Y-Z-C, 4 axis are linked, the 4 axis can work at the same time.
四軸 VS 第四軸
4軸是指機(jī)床同時(shí)進(jìn)行X、Y、Z、A軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)，4軸代表機(jī)床上的4個(gè)方向，通常X軸代表左右方向，Y軸為前后方向，Z軸為上下方向，A軸為旋轉(zhuǎn)軸正負(fù)方向，第4軸是指機(jī)床只能同時(shí)進(jìn)行X、Y、Z、A軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
3 axes cannot execute the link of 4 axes simultaneously. The 4th axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) is roughly divided into 2 types, one is a 4th axis flat-plane router machine, and the other is a 4th axis3D數(shù)控雕刻機(jī). As the name suggests, the 4th axis flat-plane router machine only carves or cuts on one side in the material.
第4軸3D加工意味著機(jī)器可以執(zhí)行3D旋轉(zhuǎn)雕刻或切割，但 3 個(gè)軸 X、Y 和 Z 中的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換為 A 軸進(jìn)行路由。我們解釋這兩種類(lèi)型的3D從不同角度看數(shù)控機(jī)床：
1、概念上，4axis與4th axis的區(qū)別在于X,Y,Z,A4軸聯(lián)動(dòng)是否可以同時(shí)執(zhí)行。
2、從機(jī)床的控制系統(tǒng)上看，四軸數(shù)控機(jī)床采用4軸聯(lián)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，第4軸采用4軸聯(lián)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。
3、4軸聯(lián)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)根據(jù)機(jī)器的運(yùn)動(dòng)信號(hào)采用4軸信號(hào)傳輸，信號(hào)損耗小，3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)采用3軸信號(hào)傳輸，比4軸少一個(gè)信號(hào)。
4、從雕刻效果來(lái)看，4軸比4軸加工點(diǎn)更多，加工更均勻，死角更小，外觀更美觀。
5、與機(jī)床方向不同。4軸刀尖指向的方向可以隨時(shí)改變。第4軸的刀尖始終指向工件的中心。4軸比4軸更先進(jìn)，更可靠。4軸是機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3D數(shù)控雕刻機(jī). The important thing is that more than 60% 的3D數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) on the market are 4th axis. When choosing a 4-axis3DCNC機(jī)床，不僅要分清4軸和4th軸，還要分析自己的加工情況，比如工件的尺寸，重量，硬度，加工方法等。
四軸數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)
These routers are somewhat like the 3, 4 axis數(shù)控machine kit, but they have 2 additional axis they can move along. These additional axis allow for shorter project time due to their capability of cutting 5 edges of the material simultaneously. However, due to the fact that these machines have a longer X-axis, it makes for less stability and accuracy-potentially requiring more of your attention than a 3, 4 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)套件.
五軸數(shù)控加工中心具有高效、高精度的特點(diǎn)，工件一次裝夾即可加工五面體。如果配備5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)高端數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，還可對(duì)復(fù)雜空間曲面進(jìn)行高精度加工，更適合汽車(chē)零部件、飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)件等現(xiàn)代模具的加工。2軸立式加工中心的回轉(zhuǎn)軸有5種方式，一種是工作臺(tái)回轉(zhuǎn)軸，設(shè)置在床身上的工作臺(tái)可以繞X軸回轉(zhuǎn)，定義為A軸，A軸一般工作范圍為+30度至-120度。工作臺(tái)中間還有一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)，在圖示位置繞Z軸回轉(zhuǎn)，定義為C軸，C軸回轉(zhuǎn) 360°這樣，通過(guò)A軸和C軸的組合，除了工件底面固定在工作臺(tái)上，5軸加工中心外，其余5個(gè)面都可由立式主軸加工。A軸和C軸的最小分度值一般為0.001度，這樣就可以對(duì)工件進(jìn)行任意角度的細(xì)分，可以加工斜面、斜孔等。如果A軸和C軸與X、Y、Z3個(gè)直線(xiàn)軸聯(lián)動(dòng)，則可以加工復(fù)雜的空間曲面。當(dāng)然，這需要高檔數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服系統(tǒng)和軟件的支持。這種布置方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是主軸結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，主軸剛性很好，制造成本比較低。但一般工作臺(tái)不能設(shè)計(jì)太大，承重能力也較小，特別是當(dāng)A軸旋轉(zhuǎn)大于或等于90度時(shí)，工件在切削時(shí)會(huì)給工作臺(tái)帶來(lái)很大的承重力矩。另一種是依靠立式主軸頭的旋轉(zhuǎn)，主軸前端為回轉(zhuǎn)頭，可繞Z軸旋轉(zhuǎn) 360° 成為C軸?；剞D(zhuǎn)頭還帶有一個(gè)可以繞X軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的A軸，一般可以達(dá)到±90度以上，實(shí)現(xiàn)上述同樣的功能。這種設(shè)置方式的好處是主軸加工非常靈活，工作臺(tái)也可以設(shè)計(jì)的很大，客機(jī)巨大的機(jī)身、巨大的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)殼體都可以在這種類(lèi)型的加工中心上加工。這種設(shè)計(jì)還有一個(gè)很大的好處：當(dāng)我們用球面銑刀加工曲面時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)毒咧行木€(xiàn)垂直于加工表面時(shí)，由于球面銑刀頂點(diǎn)的線(xiàn)速度為零，頂點(diǎn)切削的工件表面質(zhì)量會(huì)很差。采用主軸回轉(zhuǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)，使主軸相對(duì)工件旋轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)角度，使球面銑刀避開(kāi)頂點(diǎn)切削，保證一定的線(xiàn)速度，提高表面加工質(zhì)量。這種結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于模具的高精度曲面加工很受歡迎，這是轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)式加工中心難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。為了達(dá)到旋轉(zhuǎn)的高精度，高端的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸還配有圓光柵反饋，分度精度在幾秒之內(nèi)。當(dāng)然，該類(lèi)主軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，制造成本也較高。
真五軸 VS 假五軸
真5軸有RTCP功能，可以根據(jù)主軸擺長(zhǎng)和旋轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)機(jī)械坐標(biāo)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換，編制程序時(shí)只需要考慮工件坐標(biāo)，不需要考慮主軸擺長(zhǎng)和旋轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)位置。是否是真5軸，和5軸是否聯(lián)動(dòng)沒(méi)有關(guān)系，假5軸也可以是5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)，主軸如果帶RTCP真5軸算法，就是做分度加工，帶RTCP功能的真5軸只需要設(shè)定一個(gè)坐標(biāo)系，對(duì)刀具只需要設(shè)定一次坐標(biāo)，假5軸省事很多。
The數(shù)控system with RTCP function can directly use the tool tip programming without considering the center distance of the rotating axis. After applying RTCP mode, programming 5-axis數(shù)控machining can directly target the tool tip instead of the center of the rotating spindle head, so programming will become much simpler and more efficient.
對(duì)于偽5軸雙轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)，需要設(shè)置多個(gè)坐標(biāo)才能達(dá)到分度加工的目的。但如果是5軸擺頭，則無(wú)法完成分度加工，因?yàn)?軸擺頭在向下加工時(shí)并不是單一的Z運(yùn)動(dòng)，而是Z隨X或Y一起移動(dòng)。此時(shí)偽5軸編程會(huì)很麻煩，調(diào)試起來(lái)也會(huì)比較困難，而且此時(shí)也無(wú)法使用3軸偏置功能。
Which 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) Is Ideal For You?
While these routers seem somewhat straight forward with what they can accomplish, they are very delicate and advanced pieces of technology. If you are looking to get more creative with your designs, it is recommended you invest in a 4 axis or 5 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)套件, but 3 axis or 4th axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)套件 are often more affordable.
現(xiàn)在您已經(jīng)了解了雕刻機(jī)的工作原理，您可以更好地理解不同型號(hào)之間的差異。
5 axis數(shù)控machines can cut along 2 additional axis than 3 axis數(shù)控machines. These routers have the ability to cut on 5 sides of a piece of material simultaneously, which expands the operator’s capabilities and flexibility. Unlike their 3 axis counterparts, these machines are usually used to cut large3D零件。此外，五軸數(shù)控機(jī)床具有更高的龍門(mén)架和更長(zhǎng)的 X 軸，這使得它們能夠切割更大的零件；然而，這需要付出巨大的代價(jià)；龍門(mén)架越高、X 軸越長(zhǎng)，這些機(jī)床的精度和穩(wěn)定性就越低。為了進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)馁|(zhì)量控制，應(yīng)盡可能限制龍門(mén)架的 h8 和 X 軸的長(zhǎng)度。
Although routers seem like simple machines, they are highly sophisticated pieces of technology that require a certain level of expertise to operate. 5 axis數(shù)控machines tend to be more expensive than traditional 3 axis types, but ultimately offer greater flexibility and enable users to be more creative with their designs.
您需要多少個(gè)軸？
You may have seen references to 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) offering seven, 9 or even eleven axis. Although that many additional axis may seem difficult to envision, the explanation for such staggering geometries is actually quite simple.
當(dāng)您處理具有多個(gè)車(chē)削主軸的機(jī)器時(shí)，您可能會(huì)說(shuō)，您已經(jīng)擁有更多軸。
例如，我們有配備第二主軸和下部轉(zhuǎn)塔的機(jī)器。在這些機(jī)器上，您將擁有多個(gè)軸：頂部轉(zhuǎn)塔將有 2 個(gè)軸，下部轉(zhuǎn)塔有 4 個(gè)軸，然后您還有同樣有 2 個(gè)軸的對(duì)置主軸。這些機(jī)器最多可以有 2 個(gè)軸。
A component, like an aerospace valve might be done on a 5 axis數(shù)控machine. Or we could do that part on a multi-axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) that has a rotary B-axis and twin spindles for 2 C-axis, plus X, Y and Z. There's also a lower turret that gives you a 2nd X and Z. So it gives you more axis, but the part itself is the same geometry.
那么您的業(yè)務(wù)需要多少個(gè)軸？
正如制造業(yè)中常見(jiàn)的情況一樣，這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案取決于您的具體應(yīng)用。請(qǐng)看以下示例：
渦輪葉片是一種自由曲面，可能相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。精加工這種葉片的最有效方法是使用五軸，使刀具沿葉片翼型螺旋狀移動(dòng)。如果您將葉片索引到某個(gè)位置，然后使用 3 個(gè)線(xiàn)性軸對(duì)其進(jìn)行表面加工，則可以使用三軸進(jìn)行加工，但這通常不是最有效的方式。
零件的幾何形狀將告訴您是否需要 3、4 或五軸配置。
然而，重要的是要記住，您需要的軸數(shù)不僅僅取決于一個(gè)零件。零件本身會(huì)決定很多，但同時(shí)也取決于車(chē)間想要完成的任務(wù)。
A customer might bring me a part, say a titanium aerospace bracket, and I might say, That's a perfect part for a 5 axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī), but they might be planning on making parts that would work better on one of our machines. That multi-function machine might not be optimized the same way a 5 axis數(shù)控machine is, but it may give the customer opportunities for doing lathe, shaft or chucker work that's part of their long-term plan.
另一件需要考慮的事情是工作范圍，您可以放入機(jī)器的最大零件尺寸是多少，同時(shí)仍可進(jìn)行工具更換和零件轉(zhuǎn)移？這是了解數(shù)控機(jī)床的功能以及它能做什么和不能做什么。
3 Axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) VS 4 Axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī) VS 5 Axis 數(shù)控雕刻機(jī).pdf
